Read Matthew 1-4

The gospel of Matthew begins with a genealogy that traces the ancestry of Jesus back through David to Abraham. The author of the gospel of Matthew notes that there were fourteen generations between Abraham and David, and then fourteen generations between David and the deportation of the leaders of the Israelites to Babylon, and finally fourteen more generations before the birth of the Messiah. (In fact, the gospel only identifies thirteen generations in the genealogy between the deportation and Jesus.) The story of Jesus is presented as the fulfillment of Israelite and Jewish history. Therefore, we may conclude that this gospel was written for a predominantly Jewish church.

It is interesting that the genealogy includes some women as well as men, perhaps to clarify which wife of a man gave birth to his son. There is nothing in the Hebrew Bible to confirm that Rahab is the mother of Boaz, but she is named. She and Ruth are both women from outside the tribes of Israel. David's sin against Uriah is remembered by including a reference to Bathsheba, the mother of Solomon, as "Uriah's wife," for David raped Bathsheba and then arranged to have Uriah killed in battle, so he could legitimize his son. Finally, Joseph is named as the husband of Mary, "who gave birth to Jesus."

There are also errors in the genealogy. Asaph probably refers to Asa, the fifth king in the line of David. According to 1 Chronicles 3:11-12 Joram was the great-great-great grandfather of Uzziah, who in first Chronicles is called Azariah. In addition, 1 Chronicles 3:15-16 records that Josiah was the grandfather of Jeconiah, 1 Chronicles 3:19 does not mention Abiud among the sons of Zerubbabel, and after Mathan the genealogy no longer follows 1 Chronicles. Apparently it was more important to the author of the gospel of Matthew to identify the lineage of Jesus than to be sure that the details were consistent with the Hebrew Bible.

In the gospel of Matthew the story of "the birth of Jesus Christ" emphasizes Joseph, as the human (if not the actual) father of Jesus, and relates that Joseph was directed "by an angel of the Lord" in a dream not to have sexual intercourse with Mary until after her son is born. The angel explains to Joseph that Mary has conceived "through the Holy Spirit" to fulfill "what the Lord declared" through Isaiah the prophet: "A virgin shall conceive and bear a son, and he shall be called Emmanuel," a name meaning "God is with us." (Isaiah 7:14) The author of the gospel of Matthew is using the Greek version of the Hebrew Bible (often called the Septuagint after the seventy rabbis who reportedly did the translation), because the quote in Greek uses a word that means "virgin" rather than "young woman," which is how the Hebrew version of Isaiah is best translated. The author of the gospel of Matthew was probably a Jew living among Greek-speaking Gentiles, and perhaps his Greek was better than his Hebrew.

Joseph names the child Jesus, which is derived from the biblical name, Joshua (in Hebrew Yeshua), meaning "God is salvation." We do not hear that Mary shared in this decision, nor is any explanation of the name given in the gospel account. Because Isaiah says the name of the son conceived by a virgin is to be Emmanuel, it is unclear in the story why the name Jesus is given to Mary's son.

The gospel then tells of the kings who came to visit the new "king of the Jews." In the gospel of Mark there is no reference to Jesus as a king until Pilate asks him if he is "the king of the Jews." In the gospel of Matthew, however, Jesus is immediately identified as "the newborn king of the Jews" whose birth was revealed by the stars to the astrologers from the East, who have come looking for him. When King Herod asks the chief priests and scribes where the Messiah is to be born, they quote to him Micah 5:2, which says that a ruler is to be born in Bethlehem to "be the shepherd" of Israel.

The astrologers follow the star to where Jesus lay and "entering the house" they present their gifts of gold, frankincense, and myrrh. Presumably, Jesus and his family are still in Bethlehem, but the travelers from the east who bring them gifts do not find them in a stable. After they depart, Joseph is warned in a dream that King Herod plans to kill their child, so the family flees to Egypt. When the astrologers fail to tell King Herod about where he might find the child, Herod orders a massacre of all boys two years and younger in and around Bethlehem. The gospel of Matthew observes that this bloodshed fulfills the words of the prophet Jeremiah about Rachel weeping for her children in Ramah. (Rachel was the wife of Jacob, who was the father of twelve sons that became the twelve tribes of Israel. Rachel was the mother of Joseph and Benjamin, whose families lived in the area around Jerusalem and Bethlehem. Ramah was the place from which the Israelites were sent into exile in Babylon.)

After Herod dies, Joseph again is told in a dream by an angel to return to his homeland, but when Joseph hears that Herod's son is king of Judaea, he is afraid to go back to Bethlehem. In another dream Joseph is told to move north of Jerusalem to Galilee. Then the gospel of Matthew relates that Joseph, Mary and Jesus settled in Nazareth to fulfill the prophecy that the Messiah is to "be called a Nazarene." As none of the prophets of ancient Israel actually make this prophecy, perhaps it is a way of explaining to the gospel's Jewish readers why Jesus, of the tribe of Judah and David's line, conducted most of his ministry in Galilee rather than in and around Jerusalem.

We may wonder, as we read of the birth of Jesus, why there is no reference to the shepherds who visited the stable where he lay. This story, however, only appears in the gospel of Luke. The two gospels have separate and different stories of the birth of Jesus. In the gospel of Matthew, Jesus is born in Bethlehem where his family is living, flees to Egypt to escape Herod's wrath, and then returns and settles in Nazareth. In the gospel of Luke, Joseph and Mary are living in Nazareth but travel to Bethlehem for the birth of Jesus and then return to Nazareth.

These differences (and others) among the gospels were obvious to the church authorities that included the gospels in the New Testament. Therefore, it seems clear that they were not trying to authorize a factual history of the life and death of Jesus, but were more concerned with preserving the gospel accounts that had nurtured the growth of churches within the Roman Empire. It was the letters of Paul and the gospel accounts written in Greek that were accepted as authentic. If there were letters written in Hebrew or Aramaic by Jewish Christians loyal to the church in Jerusalem, they did not survive or were rejected for some reason.

Second century church writings reveal that there were other accounts of the teachings and ministry of Jesus being circulated among the Christian communities. Moreover, discoveries in the twentieth century of ancient manuscripts dating back to before the time of Jesus provide clear evidence of the enormous diversity of understanding present among the Jewish and Jewish Christian communities almost two thousand years ago. The New Testament does not even contain all the gospel accounts that we now know existed in the first and second centuries CE The diversity of Christian materials at the beginning of the church, representing a variety of understandings of Jesus and his teachings, is one of the great discoveries of our century.

The baptism of Jesus in the gospel of Matthew seems to be an edited and expanded version of the account in the gospel of Mark. In the gospel of Matthew, John's call to repentance is related before the quote from Isaiah, but the most significant change is additional material about God's judgment. The Pharisees and Sadducees coming for baptism are harshly condemned, and we are told that "every tree that fails to produce good fruit is cut and thrown on the fire." In the gospel of Mark, John the Baptist says Jesus will baptize "with the Holy Spirit," but the gospel of Matthew adds, "and with fire." Moreover, John says the "one who comes after" him will separate the wheat from the chaff and will burn the chaff "on a fire that can never be put out."

The gospel of Matthew also adds that John tries to dissuade Jesus from being baptized by him, saying, "It is I who need to be baptized by you." But Jesus replies they both should do "all that God requires." This exchange is not reported in any of the other New Testament gospels and may be the author's way of showing that John acknowledged Jesus as the one who was to come after him. The story finishes, as in the gospel of Mark. When Jesus is baptized, he sees a dove descend from heaven and hears a voice saying, "This is my beloved Son, in whom I take delight."

If the descent of the Spirit (as a dove) marks the point at which Jesus is "the Son of God," as the gospel of John affirms (Jn. 1:34), then the descent of the Spirit may be seen as the anointing by God that makes Jesus the Messiah (Christ). Perhaps, in contrast to Paul, other Jewish Christians taught that Jesus became the Christ when the Spirit of God entered into him at his baptism. When did this Spirit leave him? The gospel of Mark reports that just before he died Jesus cried out in Aramaic, "My God, my God, why have you forsaken me?" The gospel of Matthew contains the same plaintive cry, although in Hebrew. Might this be an early tradition among Jewish Christians that sees Jesus as the Christ during the time he is full of the Spirit, from his baptism until just before his death on the cross, when the Spirit left him?

Other teachings in the gospels concur with Paul's defense of the notion that Jesus was the Christ from the very beginning. Nonetheless, the strong opposition to Paul suggests not all first generation Christians agreed.

The gospel of Matthew also adds details to the story about the temptation of Jesus in the wilderness. We now hear that Jesus not only spent forty days and forty nights in the wilderness, but also fasted the whole time. (This would remind the Jewish reader of the fasts of Moses and Elijah.) In addition, we hear how Jesus was tempted. First, "the tempter" says, "If you are the Son of God, tell these stones to become bread." Jesus answers by quoting from the Hebrew scriptures: "Man is not to live on bread alone, but on every word that comes from the mouth of God." Then the devil urges him to put God to the test by throwing himself down from the heights of the temple, because Psalm 91 says the angels will protect him. Jesus responds by quoting Deuteronomy: "You are not to put the Lord your God to the test." (Deut. 6:16).

Finally, "the devil" takes Jesus up onto a mountain and offers him the whole world, if Jesus will worship him. Jesus now names his tempter as "Satan" and once again quotes scripture: "You shall do homage to the Lord your God and worship him alone." (Deut. 6:13) We find the same material in the gospel of Luke, although the temptations are in a different order, which suggests that each gospel writer had a document about the life and teachings of Jesus that the author of the gospel of Mark either did not have or did not use. Perhaps Jesus described his temptations to his disciples, and they remembered them. But it is also possible that some early Christian filled in the gaps in the temptation story reported by the gospel of Mark with this account, which reveals that Jesus, as "the beloved Son," is not merely contesting with hypocritical Jewish authorities but also with Satan.

When Jesus hears that John has been arrested, the gospel reports that Jesus leaves Nazareth and settles in Capernaum in order to fulfill prophecy (Isaiah 9:1-2). All the gospels of the New Testament see Jesus as the fulfillment of prophecy, but the gospel of Matthew makes this central to its proclamation. Again, this pattern of presentation is evidence that the author of the gospel is writing primarily for a community of Jewish Christians that wants to understand and present Jesus to Jews as the promised Messiah of Hebrew scripture.

This may also explain why the author of this gospel changes the report in the gospel of Mark that Jesus began his ministry in Galilee with the words: "The time is fulfilled, and the kingdom of God is upon you; repent, and have faith in the gospel." In the gospel of Matthew we find Jesus saying: "Repent, for the kingdom of heaven is at hand." As Jews were reluctant to speak the name of God directly, it seems the author of the gospel of Matthew has changed "the kingdom of God" in the report of the gospel of Mark to "the kingdom of heaven." But the gospel of Matthew also omits the call to "have faith" that appears in the gospel of Mark.

Faith, we know, is the crux of the gospel for Paul. The gospel of Matthew will affirm faith in Jesus as the Messiah, but it seems that in the beginning of the gospel the author wishes to emphasize the call to repentance rather than the call to faith. We might suspect, therefore, that he does not always agree with the gospel proclaimed by Paul in his letters to churches with Gentile as well as Jewish Christians.

The gospel of Matthew relates the calling of the disciples and says that Jesus traveled through Galilee "teaching in their synagogues and preaching the gospel of the kingdom and healing every disease and infirmity among the people." (The phrase "their synagogues" in the gospel of Matthew rather than "the synagogues" may reflect the rejection of his Jewish Christian readers by the synagogue to which they had belonged.) We are told that the fame of Jesus spread and large crowds followed him "from Galilee and the Decapolis, from Jerusalem and Judaea, and from Transjordan." In the gospel of Mark, Jesus begins his ministry by teaching in the synagogue in Capernaum and then casting out an unclean spirit. In the gospel of Matthew we are told of his teaching and healing and also of all those who follow him, but in this later gospel account the ministry of Jesus begins with a sermon.

[ ] 1. The genealogy at the beginning of the gospel of Matthew traces Jesus back to _______ .

A. Noah B. Adam C. Abraham D. David

[ ] 2. An angel reveals the birth of Jesus to _________ .

A. Mary B. Elizabeth C. Joseph

[ ] 3. The gospel of Matthew quotes Jewish scripture from the _______ .

A. Septuagint B. Hebrew Bible C. Targums (Aramaic Translations and Commentaries)

[ ] 4. The beginning of the gospel of Matthew identifies Jesus as ___________ .

A. The Son of God B. The King of the Jews C. The Son of Man

[ ] 5. The astrologer kings find the baby Jesus _________ .

A. In a manger B. In a house C. In a stable

[ ] 6. Ramah is the place where ____________ .

A. Herod has all the boys under two slain B. The place from which captives were sent into exile in Babylon C. Rachel lived with Jacob and their children D. All of these

[ ] 7. The gospel of Matthew adds to the baptism account in the gospel of Mark that ________ .

A. Jesus will baptize with fire B. Harsh judgment of the Pharisees and Sadducees C. The one to come will separate the wheat from the chaff and burn the chaff D. All of these

[ ] 8. Who believed that Jesus became the Messiah at the time of his baptism?

A. Paul B. The author of the gospel of John C. The author of the gospel of Matthew

[ ] 9. In the gospel of Matthew, Jesus responds to the tempter by _______ .

A. Reciting Jewish scripture B. Praying to God C. Singing a Psalm

[ ] 10. The gospel of Matthew changes the report in the gospel of Mark of Jesus' beginning his ministry by _______ .

A. Adding a sermon B. Ignoring his healing C. Both of these

Answers

If you wish, please respond to the following questions in your own words:

"Does it make sense that the author of the gospel of Matthew has taken the gospel of Mark and made changes to it?"

"Are you troubled by the two birth stories about Jesus? Can you understand how different stories about Jesus might have been remembered in the early churches?"

"Do you think the author of the gospel of Matthew might have shaped his story of the birth of Jesus to fit the Hebrew scriptures he says the birth fulfilled?"

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Copyright (C) 2001 by Robert Traer. All rights reserved.
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